All Issue

2022 Vol.42, Issue 4

Research Article

Study on Screen Printable Color Paste Formulation for Color Silicon Solar Modules
Benny Putra Utomo1
,
Juliana Anggono2
,
Dong-Youn Shin3*
1Master Student, Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, Pukyong National University
2Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Petra Christian University
3Professor, Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, Pukyong National University
*Corresponding Author
30 August 2022. pp. 1-14
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

Photovoltaic (PV) modules are incorporated into buildings as constitutional elements in building integrated PVs (BIPVs). BIPVs are evident in daily life as various forms on the roofs or skins of buildings. However, their mediocre color (typically black), has led to poor public acceptance. The development of color BIPVs is required to bestow aesthetic value to buildings. Coloring has been primarily achieved using expensive vacuum deposition processes. However, screen printing is becoming widely recognized as a highly competitive manufacturing technique for the fabrication of color BIPVs. Superior characteristics of screen printing include low cost, simplicity, and scalability. In this study, the formulation of color pastes using light interference pigments for screen printing is explored, because the success of screen-printed color BIPVs primarily depends on printability of these pastes. The screen printability of color pastes based on a commercially available two-part liquid paste and an in-house developed carrier vehicle was evaluated. The relativePV conversion efficiency of a color silicon solar module was 90% compared to a reference silicon solar module.

Keywords
Color silicon solar module
Screen printing
Light interference pigment
Color paste
References
1
Hestnes, A. G., Building Integration of Solar Energy Systems, Sol. Energy, Vol. 67, No. 4-6, pp. 181-187, 1999, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00065-7. 10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00065-7
2
Jelle, B. P., Breivik, C., and Røkenes, H. D., Building Integrated Photovoltaic Products: A State-of-the-Art Review and Future Research Opportunities, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, Vol. 100, pp. 69-96, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2011.12.016. 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.12.016
3
Shukla, A. K., Sudhakar, K., and Baredar, P., A Comprehensive Review on Design of Building Integrated Photovoltaic System, Energy Build., Vol. 128, pp. 99-110, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.06.077. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.06.077
4
Tripathy, M., Sadhu, P. K., and Panda, S. K., A Critical Review on Building Integrated Photovoltaic Products and Their Applications, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., Vol. 61, pp. 451-465, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.00810.1016/j.rser.2016.04.008
5
Ballif, C., Perret-Aebi, L.-E., Lufkin, S., and Rey, E., Integrated Thinking for Photovoltaics in Buildings, Nat. Energy, Vol. 3, pp. 438-442, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0176-2. 10.1038/s41560-018-0176-2
6
Røyset, A., Kolås, T., and Jelle, B. P., Coloured Building Integrated Photovoltaics: Influence on Energy Efficiency, Energy Build., Vol. 208, No. 109623, pp. 1-13, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109623. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109623
7
Jolissaint, N., Hanbali, R., Hadorn, J.-C., and Schuler, A., Colored Solar Facades for Buildings, CISBAT 2017 International Conference - Future Buildings & Districts - Energy Efficiency from Nano to Urban Scale, Vol. 122, pp. 175-180, September 2017, Lausanne, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.340. 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.340
8
Mertin, S., Hody-Le Caër, V., Joly, M., Mack, I., Oelhafen, P., Scartezzini, J.-L., and Schüler, A., Reactively Sputtered Coatings on Architectural Glazing for Coloured Active Solar Thermal Façades, Energy Build., Vol. 68, pp. 764-770, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.12.030. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.12.030
9
Lee, H.-M., Yoon, J.-H., Kim, H.-I., and Lee, G.-H., Performance Assessment of Sputter-Coating-Colored BIPV Modules Through Field Test, J. Koran. Sol. Energy Soc., Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 1-12, 2020, https://doi.org/10.7836/kses.2020.40.5.001. 10.7836/kses.2020.40.5.001
10
Shih, J. Y., Lai, S. L., and Cheng, H. T., The Principle and Applications of Colored Solar Cells, Adv. Mater. Res., Vol. 706-708, pp. 420-425, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.706-708.420. 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.706-708.420
11
Selj, J. H., Mongstad, T. T., Søndenå, R., and Marstein, E. S., Reduction of Optical Losses in Colored Solar Cells with Multilayer Antireflection Coatings, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, Vol. 95, No. 9, pp. 2576-2582, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2011.03.005. 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.03.005
12
Neder, V., Luxembourg, S. L., and Polman, A., Efficient Colored Silicon Solar Modules Using Integrated Resonant Dielectric Nanoscatterers, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 111, No. 073902, pp. 1-5, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4986796. 10.1063/1.4986796
13
Soman, A. and Antony, A., Colored Solar Cells with Spectrally Selective Photonic Crystal Reflectors for Application in Building Integrated Photovoltaics, Sol. Energy, Vol. 181, pp. 1-8, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.01.058. 10.1016/j.solener.2019.01.058
14
Mittag, M., Kutter, C., Ebert, M., Wilson, H., and Eitner, U., Power Loss through Decorative Elements in the Front Glazing of BIPV Modules, 33rd EUPVSEC, pp. 2609-2613, September 2017, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20172017-6BV.3.63. 10.4229/EUPVSEC20172017-6BV.3.63
15
Kim, D., Yang, Y., Ryu, B., Kim, M., Ju, J., and Cho, S., Analysis of the Aesthetic Improvement and High Efficiency of Color PV Module Based on Dot Pattern, J. Korean Sol. Energy Soc., Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 39-47, 2021, https://doi.org/10.7836/kses.2021.41.4.039. 10.7836/kses.2021.41.4.039
16
Yen, Y. T., Fang, T. H., and Lin, Y. C., Optimization of Screen-Printing Parameters of SN9000 Ink for Pinholes Using Taguchi Method in Chip on Film Packaging, Robot Comput. Integr. Manuf., Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 531-537, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2010.09.008. 10.1016/j.rcim.2010.09.008
17
Teo, B. H., Khanna, A., Shanmugam, V., Aguilar, M. L. O., Delos Santos, M. E., Chua, D. J. W., Chang, W. C., and Mueller, T., Development of Nanoparticle Copper Screen Printing Pastes for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells, Sol. Energy, Vol. 189, pp. 179-185, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.07.055. 10.1016/j.solener.2019.07.055
18
Fijan, R., Basile, M., Lapasin, R., and Šostar-Turk, S., Rheological Properties of Printing Pastes and Their Influence on Quality-Determining Parameters in Screen Printing of Cotton with Reactive Dyes Using Recycled Polysaccharide Thickeners, Carbohydr. Polym., Vol. 78, No. 1, pp. 25-35, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2014.06.004. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.03.022
19
Kuo, H.-P., Yang, C.-F., Huang, A.-N., Wu, C.-T, and Pan, W.-C., Preparation of the Working Electrode of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Effects of Screen Printing Parameters, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., Vol. 45, No. 5, pp. 2340-2345, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.03.022. 10.1016/j.jtice.2014.06.004
20
Lin, H.-W., Chang, C.-P., Hwu, W.-H., and Ger, M.-D., The Rheological Behaviors of Screen-Printing Pastes, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 197, No. 1-3, pp. 284-291, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.06.067. 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.06.067
21
Howard, I. A., Abzieher, T., Hossain, I. M., Eggers, H., Schackmar, F., Ternes, S., Richards, B. S., Lemmer, U., and Paetzold, U. W., Coated and Printed Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications, Adv. Mater., Vol. 31, pp. 1806702, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201806702. 10.1002/adma.201806702
22
Cho, J.-H., Tark, Y.-D., Kim, W.-Y., and Lim, S.-H., Room-Temperature Synthesis and Characteristics of Nanocrystalline TiO2 on Mica by Homogeneous Precipitation, Met. Mater. Int., Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 1001-1005, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-009-1001-z. 10.1007/s12540-009-1001-z
23
Li, J., Wang, L., Han, C., Su, F., Leng, Y., and Ye, L., Industrial TiO2 Based Nacreous Pigments as Functional Building Materials: Photocatalytic Removal of NO, Chin. J. Chem. Eng., Vol. 28, No. 10, pp. 2587-2591, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2020.05.029. 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.05.029
24
Maile, F. J., Pfaff, G., and Reynders, P., Effect Pigments - Past, Present and Future, Prog. Org. Coat., Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 150-163, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2005.07.003. 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2005.07.003
25
Štengl, V., Šubrt, J., Bakardjieva, S., Kalendova, A., and Kalenda, P., The Preparation and Characteristics of Pigments Based on Mica Coated with Metal Oxides, Dye Pigment, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 239-244, 2003, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-7208(03)00086-X. 10.1016/S0143-7208(03)00086-X
26
Zhou, H., Wu, L., Gao, Y., and Ma, T., Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using 20 Natural Dyes as Sensitizers, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, Vol. 219, No. 2-3, pp. 188-194, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.02.008. 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.02.008
27
Hernández-Martínez, A. R., Estevez, M., Vargas, S., Quintanilla, F., and Rodríguez, R., Natural Pigment-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, J. Appl. Res., Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 38-47, 2012, https://doi.org/10.22201/icat.16656423.2012.10.1.419. 10.22201/icat.16656423.2012.10.1.419
28
Smith, G. B., Gentle, A., Swift, P. D., Earp, A., and Mronga, N., Coloured Paints Based on Iron Oxide and Silicon Oxide Coated Flakes of Aluminium as the Pigment, for Energy Efficient Paint: Optical and Thermal Experiments, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 179-197, 2003, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00410-5. 10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00410-5
29
Zhang, Y., Zhu, Y., Zheng, S., Zhang, L., Shi, X., He, J., Chou, X., and Wu, Z.-S., Ink Formulation, Scalable Applications and Challenging Perspectives of Screen Printing for Emerging Printed Microelectronics, J. Energy Chem., Vol. 63, pp. 498-513, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2021.08.011. 10.1016/j.jechem.2021.08.011
30
Potts, S. J., Phillips, C., Jewell, E., Clifford, B., Lau, Y. C., and Claypole, T., High-Speed Imaging the Effect of Snap-off Distance and Squeegee Speed on the Ink Transfer Mechanism of Screen-Printed Carbon Pastes, J. Coat. Technol. Res., Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 447-459, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-019-00291-6. 10.1007/s11998-019-00291-6
31
Lin, M., Gai, Y., Xiao, D., Tan, H., and Zhao, Y., Preparation of Pristine Graphene Paste for Screen Printing Patterns with High Conductivity, Chem. Phys. Lett., Vol. 713, pp. 98-104, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2018.10.022. 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.10.022
32
Yüce, C., König, M., and Willenbacher, N., Rheology and Screen-Printing Performance of Model Silver Pastes for Metallization of Si-Solar Cells, Coatings, Vol. 8, No. 406, pp. 1-17, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings8110406. 10.3390/coatings8110406
33
Xu, C. and Willenbacher, N., How Rheological Properties Affect Fine-Line Screen Printing of Pastes: A Combined Rheological and High-Speed Video Imaging Study, J. Coat. Technol. Res., Vol. 15, pp. 1401-1412, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-018-0091-2. 10.1007/s11998-018-0091-2
Information
  • Publisher :Korean Solar Energy Society
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국태양에너지학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국태양에너지학회 논문집
  • Volume : 42
  • No :4
  • Pages :1-14
  • Received Date : 2022-05-17
  • Revised Date : 2022-06-16
  • Accepted Date : 2022-06-20
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.7836/kses.2022.42.4.001
Journal Informaiton Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
Online Submission
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • crossref crossmark
  • crossref cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close