• Research Article

    Economic Analysis of a Heat Pump–Based Power-to-Heat System for District Heating

    히트펌프 기반 Power-to-Heat 시스템의 지역난방 적용 경제성 분석

    Byung-Ju Lim, Sung-Hoon Cho, Sie-Un Kwon, Chang-Dae Park

    임병주, 조성훈, 권시은, 박창대

    This study analyzes the economic feasibility of applying heat-pump-based power-to-heat (P2H) technology to domestic district heating systems. By exploiting time-of-use electricity price … + READ MORE
    This study analyzes the economic feasibility of applying heat-pump-based power-to-heat (P2H) technology to domestic district heating systems. By exploiting time-of-use electricity price differentials, nighttime thermal storage operations were considered, and a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model was developed to jointly optimize the design and operation of heat pumps and thermal storage tanks in a district heating system serving 1,000 households. The optimization results indicate that a heat pump capacity of 2.42 MW and thermal storage capacity of 6.04 MWh constitute the optimal system design. The levelized cost of heat for the P2H system was calculated to be 82,227 KRW/MWh. This value was approximately 15.1% lower than the reference district heating tariff of 95,000 KRW/MWh, corresponding to an annual total cost reduction of approximately 13.4%. Seasonal operational analysis showed that the thermal storage tank had high utilization during spring and autumn, confirming that its operation is economically rational on an annual basis. The results of this study quantitatively demonstrate that heat pump–based P2H systems can achieve sufficient economic viability under the current domestic electricity pricing and district heating tariff structures and suggest that P2H represents a practical and effective option for the low-carbon transition of district heating systems. - COLLAPSE
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    20 April 2026

  • Research Article

    Comprehensive Performance Evaluation Method and Experimental Validation of Window-Type Ventilation System

    창호형 환기 시스템의 종합 성능 평가 방법 및 실증 연구

    In-Seo Jeong, Chai-Min Hong, Sang-Hoon Park

    정인서, 홍채민, 박상훈

    This study was conducted to establish a comprehensive method for assessing the performance of window-type ventilation systems. Various domestic and international standards … + READ MORE
    This study was conducted to establish a comprehensive method for assessing the performance of window-type ventilation systems. Various domestic and international standards and references were analyzed to formulate a comprehensive evaluation method. This study defines the measurement metrics for seven key categories: ventilation, indoor air quality, envelope performance, noise performance, sound insulation performance, energy performance, and visual performance. Subsequently, this study established evaluation methods for each category. Furthermore, an experimental validation was performed under controlled laboratory conditions to evaluate the applicability of the proposed evaluation method. Experimental validation demonstrated the quantitative benefits of key functions, including improved ventilation performance and reduced particulate matter. These results validate the applicability of the proposed evaluation method. The evaluation method proposed in this study serves as a basis for performance comparisons between ventilation systems and for the establishment of a future certification framework. - COLLAPSE
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    20 April 2026

  • Research Article

    Comparative Analysis of Thermal and Electrical Performance of BIPV Systems According to Building Envelope Type

    외피 유형에 따른 건물일체형 태양광(BIPV) 시스템의 열･전기적 성능 비교 분석

    Jinhee Kim, Hayoung Kim, Jinwoong Park, Juntae Kim

    김진희, 김하영, 박진웅, 김준태

    This study comparatively analyzes the thermal and electrical performance characteristics of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems according to the type of building facade. … + READ MORE
    This study comparatively analyzes the thermal and electrical performance characteristics of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems according to the type of building facade. An insulated wall-type BIPV system using glass-to-backsheet modules and a curtain wall-type BIPV system using glass-to-glass modules were installed in a mockup building under identical conditions. The solar irradiance, ambient temperature, module front surface temperature, indoor-side surface temperature, and power generation were measured to analyze the thermal characteristics and power generation performance of the two systems. The operating temperature of the module depended on the facade structure. Under high-irradiance conditions, the front surface temperature of the module in the insulated wall-type BIPV system reached approximately 55 °C, whereas that in the curtain wall-type system remained at approximately 50 °C, indicating that the curtain wall system maintained a lower operating temperature. Correspondingly, the curtain wall-type BIPV system generally exhibited higher electrical performance, and its average efficiency was approximately 0.4–0.5 pp higher than that of the insulated wall-type system. In particular, although the rated efficiency of the curtain wall-type BIPV module was lower than that of the insulated wall-type module, the curtain wall system exhibited a higher efficiency under actual operating conditions, suggesting that differences in the module operating temperature associated with the facade configuration and rear thermal conditions may contribute to variations in the actual power generation performance. The results of this study suggest that the facade structure and rear-side thermal environment should be considered along with the rated module efficiency in the design and performance evaluation of BIPV facade systems. - COLLAPSE
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    20 April 2026

  • Review

    Technical Analysis of Offshore On-site Energy Self-Sufficiency Model Integrating Underwater Data Centers and Underwater Photovoltaics

    수중 데이터센터-수중 태양광 통합 기반 해양 On-site 에너지 자립 모델 기술 분석

    Seojun Jeon, Seongjin Ko, Seunghee Cho, Sourov Hossain, Junghyun Lee, Joondong Kim

    전서준, 고성진, 조승희, HossainSourov, 이정현, 김준동

    The rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) services has significantly increased electricity demand in data centers, intensifying grid congestion and land-use constraints … + READ MORE
    The rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) services has significantly increased electricity demand in data centers, intensifying grid congestion and land-use constraints in metropolitan regions. This paper proposes an offshore energy concept that integrates Underwater Data Centers (UDC) with Underwater Photovoltaics (UWPV) to improve cooling efficiency and enable localized use of renewable energy. UDC reduces cooling loads by utilizing the high heat capacity of seawater, whereas UWPV allows photovoltaic deployment in submerged environments with enhanced thermal stability and spatial utilization. A simplified scenario analysis for a 25 MW-scale facility indicated reduced annual electricity consumption compared with conventional onshore systems. When partially powered by marine renewables, additional reductions in the transmission losses and indirect carbon emissions are achievable. This study highlighted the technical feasibility of combining marine cooling and photovoltaics generation to reduce grid dependence and enhance the energy sustainability of data centers. - COLLAPSE
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    20 April 2026

  • Research Article

    A Study on the Methodology for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Reduction in Apartment Complexes Using Solar Power, ESS and Heat Pumps

    태양광, ESS 및 히트펌프를 활용한 공동주택 온실가스 감축량 산정방법론 연구

    Sung-Dae Cho, Dong-Hun Lee

    조성대, 이동헌

    As the Republic of Korea strives toward its “2050 Carbon Neutrality” goal, the building sector—particularly apartment complexes—faces an urgent need for innovative … + READ MORE
    As the Republic of Korea strives toward its “2050 Carbon Neutrality” goal, the building sector—particularly apartment complexes—faces an urgent need for innovative greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction strategies. This paper proposes a comprehensive methodology for estimating GHG reduction by implementing a synergistic system that integrates photovoltaic (PV) power, Energy Storage Systems (ESS), and Heat Pump technology. This study first analyzes the limitations of traditional heating methods. It develops an integrated model in which PV-generated electricity, managed via an ESS, powers high-efficiency heat pumps for space heating and domestic hot water. The primary focus of this thesis is to establish a standardized estimation methodology compatible with the Korea Emissions Trading Scheme (K-ETS) and the External Project framework. Key technical contributions include defining the project boundary, calculating baseline emissions from conventional grid and gas boiler use, and determining project emissions using the integrated system’s operational data. Furthermore, the study details a robust monitoring methodology that identifies critical parameters such as PV output, ESS efficiency, and heat pump COP. The proposed framework provides a technical basis for certifying carbon credits in the residential sector and offers a practical tool for policymakers to incentivize sustainable energy transitions in urban environments. - COLLAPSE
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    20 April 2026
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